These photomultiplier tubes have high sensitivity in the ultraviolet region.
When selecting a photomultiplier tube it is essential to select a light input window made from glass material that passes ultraviolet light.
Topics
Solar-blind characteristics
Photomultiplier tubes with so-called ’solar-blind‘ characteristics have little sensitivity to wavelengths longer than 200 to 300 nm and so are mainly used for VUV to UV measurements in vacuum environments. Their window materials are MgF2 crystals and quartz glass.
Recommended photocathodes
· Cs-I (cesium iodide) photocathode
· Cs-Te (cesium telluride) photocathode
Applications
· Emission spectroscopy
· Academic research
· Plasma monitoring
· Atomic fluorescence spectrometry
The visible region includes wavelengths of light from about 350 nm to 750 nm that can be seen by the human eye.
Topics
Radiation measurement
The photomultiplier tube and NaI (sodium iodide) scintillator combination is one of the most common techniques for radiation measurement. Photomultiplier tubes with a semi-transparent photocathode are widely used since their sensitivity matches the emission spectrum of NaI scintillators near the 420 nm light wavelength. Some semi-transparent photocathodes can provide enhanced sensitivity on long wavelengths by minor modifications to the fabrication process.
Recommended photocathodes
•Bialkali photocathode
•Super-bialkali photocathode
•Ultra-bialkali photocathode
•Green sensitivity enhanced bialkali photocathode
Applications
•Emission spectroscopy
•Immunoassay analyzer
•SOx meter
•Radiation measurement
This region of the spectrum includes light wavelengths from 350 nm to 800 nm that can be seen by the human eye. We provide a line-up of standard photomultiplier tubes having a wide range of spectral response from the visible to near-infrared region.
Topics
GaAsP (gallium arsenide phosphide) photocathode
This is a crystalline photocathode activated with cesium. It has high quantum efficiency in the visible region. Compared to other photocathodes comprised mainly of alkali metals, this photocathode is likely to deteriorate when exposed to intense light and so requires careful handling.
Recommended photocathodes
•Multialkali photocathode
•GaAsP (gallium arsenide phosphide) photocathode
•GaAs (gallium arsenide) photocathode
Applications
•Flow cytometer
•Specimen testing device
•Spectrophotometer
•NOx meter
•Laser microscope
Near-infrared light has features including low energy and high permeability making it ideal for a wide range of tasks in our daily lives such as remote control of various appliances and devices. Photomultiplier tubes with high sensitivity to near-infrared (NIR) light are used for special applications such as long-distance photometry and other custom tasks.
Topics
InGaAs (indium gallium arsenide) photocathode
The InGaAs photocathode is a crystalline photocathode the same as GaAsP. However, unlike the GaAsP photocathode with its high sensitivity to visible light, the InGaAs photocathode can detect near-infrared light from 950 to 1700 nm. Compared to other photocathodes comprised mainly of alkali metals, the InGaAs photocathode is likely to deteriorate when exposed to intense light so requires careful handling. This photocathode also has high dark current and must be cooled during operation.
Recommended photocathodes
•InGaAs (indium gallium arsenide) photocathode
•InP/InGaAsP (indium phosphide/indium gallium arsenide phosphide) photocathode
Applications
•Spectrophotometer
•LIDAR (light detection and ranging)
•CL (chemiluminescence) measurement
•PL (photoluminescence) measurement
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