回転体など、ケーブルを使った通信が難しい箇所での短距離データ通信には、光を⽤いて空間で信号を送受信する空間光通信の活用が有効です。浜松ホトニクスでは、この通信方式に対応した光トランシーバを提供しており、送受⼀体型の⼩型パッケージで全二重双⽅向通信を実現します。また回転機構においても安定した通信を維持します。ロボットアームをはじめ、回転機構をもつ装置や基板間通信など、⾮接触での⾼速・安定通信が求められる幅広い用途に活用できます。
空間光通信とは、光ファイバなどのケーブルを使わず、光を⽤いて空間で信号を送受信する通信⽅式です。専用設計の光トランシーバにより送信-受信間の空間を光でデータ伝送する仕組みで、電磁ノイズの影響を受けにくく、かつ電気的な絶縁も容易です。電気的な接点を必要としないため、回転体などケーブルの取り回しが難しい機構において、「⾮接触」での通信を確保できます。また、ケーブルや接点を必要としない構造は、摩耗による信号劣化を抑え、運⽤上のメンテナンス負担の軽減にもつながります。こうした特長から、ロボットアームや回転機構を備えた装置、基板間通信など、⾮接触データ通信が求められる幅広い用途での活用が期待されています。
⼀般的な接触通信⽅式(スリップリング方式)は、金属製のリングにブラシを接触させることで通電・通信する方式で、多くの装置で活⽤されてきた技術です。⼀⽅、空間光通信⽅式は光を使って⾮接触でデータ通信を行う⽅式で、可動部を含む機構設計の⾃由度を⾼めながら安定した通信を確保できる点が特⻑です。特に回転機構を備えた装置において、設計の柔軟性やメンテナンスの負担を減らすことに寄与します。
〈メリット〉
・1つの機構で回転体への電⼒供給と通信を両⽴できる
・光学調整が不要
〈デメリット〉
・接点の摩耗により定期メンテナンスが必要になることがある
・摩耗や振動によるノイズの影響を受けやすい
・⾼速なデータ通信には不向き
〈メリット〉
・⾮接触のため摩耗がなく信号品質が安定しやすい
・⾼速通信が可能
・配線不要で機構設計の⾃由度が⾼い
・⼩型なためコンパクトな通信システムの設計が可能
〈デメリット〉
・電⼒伝送ができずデータ通信のみ
・光軸ずれや周辺光の影響に配慮が必要
・通信距離が短距離に制限される
空間光通信⽅式は、その特長から従来の接触⽅式では課題となりやすい箇所での利⽤が期待されています。ここでは、応⽤が⾒込まれる代表的な装置を紹介します。
ロボット芝刈り機は、周囲を検知するために回転式のレーザセンサ(LiDAR)が搭載されています。傾斜や凹凸が多い野外を⾛⾏するため、安定した通信品質が求められます。空間光通信⽅式は、回転構造を持つLiDARと基板間におけるデータ通信において、配線不要で安定したデータ通信を実現します。また、⾮接触構造により⻑期稼働時のメンテナンス負担も軽減します。
AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle)では、障害物や⼈の動きを正確に把握するために回転式のレーザセンサ(LiDAR)が搭載されています。連続稼働が前提となる産業⽤途では、安定した通信品質と信頼性の⾼いデータ伝送が重要です。空間光通信⽅式は、回転構造を持つLiDARと基板間におけるデータ通信において、配線不要で安定したテータ通信を実現します。また、⾮接触構造により⻑期稼働時のメンテナンス負担も軽減します。
多関節構造を持つロボットアームでは、各関節を通るケーブルが動作に伴ってねじれや摩耗を受けやすく、設計上の⼤きな制約となります。空間光通信⽅式を活⽤することで、関節間を⾮接触で⾼速な通信を実現でき、配線の簡素化と⾼い可動性を両⽴できます。
空間で光データ通信が可能な光トランシーバです。本製品を光軸上に対向配置することで、最⼤100 mmの伝送距離で全⼆重双⽅向通信が可能です。伝送速度は最⼤1.25 Gbpsを実現しており、360度の回転体と静⽌体間の通信においてもその特性を維持します。
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