微弱光を高S/N で検出するために、ORCA-Quest 2では、センサの構造からエレクトロニクスまでのありとあらゆる部分の最適化を図った設計を行いました。さらに最新のCMOS テクノロジーを使用したカスタムセンサを開発することにより、0.30 electrons rms という極めて優れた低ノイズ性能を実現することができました。
ピクセルあたり平均1フォトン入射画像(疑似カラー表示)の比較
露光時間:200 ms 表示レンジ:最小 ~ 最大カウント値 比較範囲:512 pixels × 512 pixels
「光」とは、多数の「光子(Photon)」の集まりです。光子はセンサ上で電子に変換され、この電子を「光電子(Photoelectron)」といいます。光電子を数えることにより、光を正確に計測する方法が「光子数識別(Photon number resolving)※」です。光電子を数えるためには光電子の信号量よりカメラ側のノイズが十分に小さい必要があります。従来のsCMOSカメラも読み出しノイズを小さく抑えていますが、それでも光電子の信号量よりもノイズは大きく、光電子を数えることは困難でした。ORCA-Quest 2では、低読み出しノイズの0.30 electrons rms(@Ultra quiet scan)および、温度や時間に対する安定性、各画素値の個別校正とリアルタイム補正などの高度なカメラ技術の投入により、光子数識別を実現しています。
※光子数識別とは「光電子」の数を識別するもので、正確には「光子の検出」とは異なります。しかし、この分野における類似の手法である単一の光電子検出に対して「単一光子検出(Single photon counting)」という用語が用いられていることから、「光子数識別(Photon number resolving)」という用語を使用しています。
光電子の確率分布シミュレーションデータ (1画素あたりの平均発生光電子数 2 electrons)
効率よく光子を検出するためには高量子効率を実現することが不可欠であり、この一つの手段として、背面照射構造の採用があります。従来の背面照射型センサでは、画素の区切りがないため、画素間でクロストークが発生し、分解能は前面照射型センサに比べて通常劣ります。ORCA-Quest 2では、背面照射構造によって高量子効率を実現するだけでなく、画素を一つ一つに区切るトレンチ構造を採用し、画素間クロストーク低減を実現しました。
トレンチ構造とは
MTF測定結果
※MTFとは、Modulation Transfer Function の略で、分解能評価指標の一種です。被写体のコントラストをどれだけ正確に再現することができるかを示す値です。
ORCA-Quest 2では、極低ノイズを実現しながらも、9.4メガピクセルの画素数(4096(H)× 2304(V))という高画素を実現することで、従来のGenⅡ sCMOSカメラ、EM-CCDカメラの画素数に比べて、一度により多くの対象物を撮像することが可能になりました。
また、読み出し速度においてもORCA-Quest 2は突出した性能を持っています。ここでは、各カメラで画素数が異なるため、1秒間に読み出せる画素数であるデータレート(画素数 × フレームレート)で読み出し速度の比較をします。ORCA-Quest 2のStandard scanでは、0.43 electronsと従来のsCMOSカメラより読み出しノイズがさらに小さく、かつさらに高速なデータレートを実現しています。また、Ultra quiet scanでは、従来の単一光子検出カメラであるEM-CCDに対して、約10倍のデータレートで光子数識別イメージングが可能になります。
画素数比較
データレート比較
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