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小惑星を探る
小惑星探査機「はやぶさ」「はやぶさ2」に搭載されたイメージセンサ
小惑星の地表を計測、惑星誕生の記憶をたどる。
2010年に奇跡の帰還を果たし世界中からの注目を集めた小惑星探査機「はやぶさ」。小惑星イトカワの表面の組成を探る2つの装置に浜松ホトニクスが開発したイメージセンサが採用されました。そして、2014年に打ち上げられた「はやぶさ２」にもInAsイメージセンサが採用され、小惑星の地表の水分測定を行いました。
浜松から世界へそして宇宙へ。浜松ホトニクスの光技術は無限の広がりを見せています。
はやぶさの近赤外線分光計に採用されたInGaAsイメージセンサ
はやぶさの蛍光X線スペクトロメータに採用されたCCDイメージセンサ
はやぶさ2の近赤外線分光計に採用されたInAsイメージセンサ
小惑星探査機「はやぶさ」
「はやぶさ」は、小惑星イトカワの地表から物質のサンプルを持ち帰ることを目的とし、2003年5月9日に打ち上げられました。イトカワの地表における微粒子の採取に成功し、2010年6月13日に無事地球へ帰還。搭載カプセルをオーストラリアへ落下させ、その運用を終えました。小惑星は、惑星が誕生した頃の記録を比較的よくとどめている化石のような天体である、「惑星を作るもとになった材料がどんなものか」「惑星が誕生した頃の太陽系星雲内の様子はどうか」について手がかりを得るためにサンプル採取を行いました。
はやぶさ帰還
はやぶさの飛行距離：6,000,000,000（60億）km
2003年に打ち上げられた「はやぶさ」は、2005年に小惑星イトカワに到着。さまざまなトラブルを乗り越え、2010年6月に地球へ帰還しました。イオンエンジンでの飛行距離は合計で約60億キロに達しました。「はやぶさ」に搭載された当社製CCDイメージセンサとInGaAsイメージセンサは、過酷な宇宙環境に耐えて正常稼働し、データの計測を行いました。
はやぶさの蛍光X線スペクトロメータが観測した時間：700時間
蛍光X線スペクトロメータは、小惑星の地表物質を上空から調べる装置です。 地表物質の元素は、太陽からのX線が当たると、そのエネルギーによって特定の波長の蛍光X線を発します。この蛍光X線は元素により波長が決まっているため、小惑星の地表から発せられる蛍光X線を測定することで、どのような元素がどのくらい存在するのかを知ることが可能となります。
蛍光X線スペクトロメータは、今回の計測でイトカワの地表物質の組成 (マグネシウム、アルミニウム、シリコンなど)を調べることができました。これは、当社のCCDの“広い受光面積”と“高いエネルギー分解能”という特性が活かされたものでした。
はやぶさの「近赤外線分光器」が計測したイトカワ地表の箇所の数：75,000箇所
はやぶさの近赤外線分光器 (NIRS)は、小惑星の表面で反射した太陽光の赤外線を分光し検出することにより、地表の鉱物の種類や地表形状を分析する装置です。近赤外線分光器には、「近赤外域における高い感度」に加え、「高い信頼性と耐久性」が求められ、当社製のInGaAsイメージセンサが採用されました。
かんらん石と輝石
当社製のInGaAsイメージセンサが内蔵された近赤外線分光器が計測したイトカワの地表鉱物。 イトカワからの0.8～2.1μmの反射光を分光計測した結果、1μmと2μm付近に反射率の低下が存在したため、地表の鉱物にかんらん石と輝石が含まれていることが分かりました。
小惑星探査機「はやぶさ２」
「はやぶさ2」には、地表の水分をリモートセンシングにより測定する近赤外分光計(NIRS3) が搭載されており、運航時に上空から観測を行いました。
検出部には、水の赤外線吸収波長の 3 μm 帯に感度をもつよう専用設計された当社製のInAs リニアイメージセンサが内蔵されており、「リュウグウ」表面の組成や水分の解析、サンプル採取時の着地点の選定に貢献しました。
はやぶさ2による小惑星のリモートセンシング (近赤外分光観測)のイメージ図 🄫JAXA
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