近年、生命科学分野では、さまざまな光操作が飛躍的な発展を遂げています。2006年以降、光操作のうち、光遺伝学(Optogenetics)のツールとして、光感受性イオンチャネルが神経科学分野において必須の手法となり定着しました。一方、生体内では、イオンチャネル以外の信号も多数存在し、とりわけcAMP、cGMPなどの環状ヌクレオチドを介する細胞内シグナル伝達経路は、多様で重要な生体機能を担っています。cAMPが関わるシグナル伝達の主要な経路として、アデニル酸シクラーゼの活性化、またはホスホジエステラーゼの活性抑制によって細胞内cAMP濃度が上昇し、Aキナーゼ(PKA)が活性化されます。それに続き、電位依存性Ca2+チャネルやさまざな細胞応答が現れます。これらの応答を誘導するcAMPの生成を光で操作することができるOptogeneticsツール『PAC』をご紹介します。
細胞内cAMP生産を光で誘導することができる分子として、光合成鞭毛藻類ミドリムシ(Euglena glacilis)からPACが同定され(文献1)、これと相同な機能分子が原核生物から続々と見出されています。
PACによるcAMPシグナル伝達のコントロールは、Gタンパク質共役受容体GPCRのような複数種のタンパク質分子と協調しないため取り扱いが簡便で、光照射時にのみcAMPを生成するため、cAMP生産量を光で高精度に調節することが可能です。したがって、従来の薬理学的手法の代替としてPACを導入することにより、細胞や組織の多様な生理機能を光で直接制御できると期待されています(文献2)。
Scientific Reports 5, 19679, doi:10.1038/srep19679 (2016)より一部抜粋
これまでに発見されたPACのうち、藍藻由来OaPACと硫黄細菌由来bPACの構造が明らかになり、どちらもN末端に光感受性BLUFドメイン、C末端にアデニル酸シクラーゼ(AC)ドメインをもち、それぞれのドメイン同士は隣り合わせに配置して二量体を形成しています。OaPACとbPACの配列や構造は類似していますが、光感受性に100倍もの差があることがわかりました(文献3)。その違いのなかに、バリエーションに富んだ光操作ツールとしてのPACを改変するための手がかりが隠れていると考えています。そこで、光産業創成大学院大学との共同研究において、PACのC末端アミノ酸配列に着目し、そのdeletion mutantsの細胞発現系を用いてそれらの酵素活性を比較しました。その結果、C末端が長いほど酵素活性が抑制されることを見出しました。その光活性の変動幅は50倍以上におよび、天然変異であるOaPACとbPACの活性差異を説明し得るダイナミックな活性調節メカニズムの根幹を明らかにしました(文献4)。
藍藻由来OaPAC (NCBI, WP_015149803.1)とその欠失改変体各種(Oa-363、Oa-360、Oa-357、Oa-354、Oa-351、Oa-348)、硫黄細菌由来bPAC(GenBank: GU461306.2)、ミドリムシ由来PACα(GenBank: BAB85619.1)のC末端領域のアミノ酸配列。黄色ハイライト表示:保存されているアミノ酸。
Scientific Reports 9, 20262 (2019)より一部抜粋
天然のOaPACとbPACの極端な光感受性は、PAC実用のボトルネックとなっていました。すなわち、天然OaPACは強光刺激による光毒性が懸念され、bPACは暗所活性をもち、光感受性がとても高いため、完全暗室で扱う必要がありました。光産業創成大学院大学との協業において、これらのボトルネックを解消し、目的に応じた使い分けと広範な応用を可能にしました。作製したOaPAC改変体のうち、OaPAC360、OaPAC348の2種類を当社製品として販売中です。
※本製品はコスモ・バイオ株式会社に販売委託をしています。製品についてのお問い合わせは、下記リンク先よりご覧いただけます。
Scientific Reports 9, 20262 (2019)より一部抜粋
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