乳がんの罹患率は増加を続けており、乳がん患者のQOL(Quality of life) 向上のためには、早期発見や治療効果の観察などに用いられる診断計測技術が重要になります。近赤外光による光生体計測は、組織の血液量や酸素飽和度とその変化を非侵襲に測定できるため、乳がんの病態評価や薬物療法に対する反応の観察などの診断技術としての応用が期待されています。当社では、ベッドサイドでのより簡便な乳がんの画像診断を目指して、光生体計測技術を応用した「光マンモグラフィ」の研究を行っています。
光マンモグラフィの基本となる近赤外分光計測では、他の波長に比べて生体透過性が高く無害な700 nm~1100 nmの近赤外光を生体に照射します。生体内に入射した近赤外光は、組織によって散乱されながら伝搬する過程において、主にヘモグロビン、水、脂肪によって吸収されます。ヘモグロビンは、酸素化の状態によって酸素化ヘモグロビン(O2Hb)と脱酸素化ヘモグロビン(HHb)に分けられ、それぞれ異なる光吸収特性を示すため、その違いから各ヘモグロビンの濃度、さらには組織の酸素飽和度を求めることができます。当社では、連続光や強度変調光を用いた計測に比べて、定量性や再現性に優れていると言われるパルス光による計測「近赤外時間分解分光計測」を採用しています。
生体組織に近赤外パルスレーザを照射し、生体内を伝搬してきた拡散反射光を検出します(右図)。 生体内の光伝搬を表す光拡散理論に基づき、複数の波長(λ)について計測した検出光の時間分解波形を解析して、吸収係数(\( \mu_{a}^{\lambda} \))と等価散乱係数(\( \mu_{s}^{\prime \lambda} \))を算出します。そして、各波長の吸収係数について成り立つ式を用いて、生体組織の「酸素化ヘモグロビン濃度」、「脱酸素化ヘモグロビン濃度」、「総ヘモグロビン濃度」、「組織酸素飽和度」を求めます。
・酸素化ヘモグロビン濃度:\(C_{O_{2}Hb} \)(\(\mu M\))
・脱酸素化ヘモグロビン濃度:\(C_{HHb}\)(\(\mu M\))
・総ヘモグロビン濃度:\(C_{tHb}\) = \(C_{O_{2}Hb}+C_{HHb}\)(\(\mu M\))
・組織酸素飽和度:\(StO_2\) = 100\(\times\frac{C_{O2Hb}}{C_{tHb}}\)(\(%\))
■各波長の吸収係数について成り立つ式
\( \mu_{a}^{\lambda} \) = \( \varepsilon_{O_{2}Hb}^{\lambda} \) \(C_{O_{2}Hb} \) + \( \varepsilon_{HHb}^{\lambda} \) \(C_{HHb} \) + \( \mu_{a,BG}^{\lambda} \)
\(\varepsilon_{O_{2}Hb}^{\lambda} \): 酸素化ヘモグロビンのモル吸光係数(\(cm^{-1}・\mu M^{-1}\))
\(\varepsilon_{HHb}^{\lambda} \): 脱酸素化ヘモグロビンのモル吸光係数(\(cm^{-1}・\mu M^{-1}\))
\(\mu_{a,BG}^{\lambda} \): その他の物質の吸収係数(\(cm^{-1}\))
研究開発中の光マンモグラフィ装置とその測定風景です。外来診療や入院治療中にベッドサイドで機能画像を撮影できる、小型で移動可能な画像診断装置を目指して開発を進めています。
光マンモグラフィ
(左)光プローブ、(右)装置本体
測定風景
浜松医科大学において、化学療法を実施する乳がん患者を対象に、患側の腫瘍部位と健常側の同部位を化学療法開始前・開始から3週間後・6週間後の3回計測しました。その結果、腫瘍部位の総ヘモグロビン濃度(tHb)は健常部位に比べて明らかに高く、また化学療法の経過に伴い減少する様子を確認できました(下図)。ヘモグロビン濃度や組織酸素飽和度には、化学療法の早い段階(1日~10日程度)で変化が現れるという報告もあり、より早期に治療効果を評価できる可能性があると期待されています。
■腫瘍の位置
■腫瘍の超音波画像(中央の黒い影が腫瘍)
化学療法前
26×28×21 mm
3週間後
26×22×17 mm
6週間後
18×16×10 mm
■光マンモグラフィで測定した総ヘモグロビン濃度(tHb)の断層画像と最大値のプロット
装置の小型化、ヘモグロビン濃度などの定量性と3次元画像の画質の改善、さらには乳がんの種類や特徴との比較・検討を進め、乳がんの病態評価や経過観察に有効な画像診断装置として「光マンモグラフィ」臨床応用を目指します。
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