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PMTについて | 光電子増倍管 (PMT)
光電子増倍管の基礎セミナー オンデマンド配信中
2024年3月に実施したオンラインセミナーの様子を質疑応答も含めて公開しました！PMTは微弱光検出器のため、検出光が強くなると正確な測定ができなくなります。
第3回となる今回は、入射光が強くなった際に生じる事象とその対策方法について、実験を交えながらご紹介しています。
PMTを搭載した装置の設計者はもちろん、大学研究室などで実験をされる光学初心者の方にもおすすめの基礎セミナーです。ぜひお気軽にご視聴ください。
光電子増倍管とは？
少量・多品種に対応
基本構造がシンプルで、手作りが可能であることから、要望に合わせた製品を1個から製造可能です。
形状・サイズ・検出波長範囲等をカスタマイズできるため、産業・医用・学術研究等の高感度検出が必要な用途で幅広く使用されています。
幅広いラインアップ
様々な種類の光電面と窓材、ガラス管形状を組合わせることにより、検出波長の異なる幅広いラインアップが存在します。
光電子増倍管とは？（2）
入射窓の材質は？
材質
- 硼硅酸ガラス
- 石英ガラス
- UV透過ガラス
- MgF2結晶 など
光電子増倍管の感度波長範囲の短波長側は入射窓の材質によって決まります。
なぜ真空なの？
理由（1）
外部光電効果（真空中の金属や半導体に光を当てたとき表面から真空中に電子が放出される現象）を利用した光センサであるためです。
理由（2）
真空であるため光の粒１個から光電変換できる結晶性の良い高性能光電面の作成が可能です。
理由（3）
信号のみを増幅するため微弱光の高感度検出を実現します。
光電面って何？
入射窓の真空側表面に形成された膜のことです。
入射窓を通して入射した光を光電子に変換する役割をもっています。
光電面の種類
- 可視域用バイアルカリ光電面
- 赤外域まで感度のあるマルチアルカリ光電面
- 紫外検出用アルカリハライド光電面
- 紫外～近赤外域で高感度なGaAs, InGaAs（Ⅲ-Ⅴ族 化合物半導体)など
電子増倍部って何？
電極に与えられた電圧で加速された光電子はダイノード表面に形成した二次電子面に衝突し、二次電子を発生させます。
これを電極の段数分繰り返し100万倍以上に増幅させます。
時間応答特性、出力直線性、コンパクト、耐振性など有する特長から使用目的に応じて選択可能です。
材料
- 基板：ニッケル金属、ステンレス など
- 二次電子放出材料：アルカリ-アンチモン、酸化ベリリウム など
さらなる高性能化
高感度化を進めることで、より弱い光を捕えることが可能になります。
また、感度だけでなく他の特性を向上させることにより高精度な検出が可能になります。これまでも、そしてこれからもお客様の要望に応えるために光電子増倍管の高性能化を追究します。
学術研究用20インチ光電子増倍管の例
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| 採用装置 | カミオカンデ （1983年～1996年） |
スーパーカミオカンデ （1996年～現在） |
ハイパーカミオカンデ （計画） |
|---|---|---|---|
| 型名 | R1449 | R3600 | R12860 |
| 収集効率 | 40 % ～ 50 % | 70 % | 90 % |
| 電子走行時間広がり | 4.4 ns | 2.2 ns | 1.0 ns |
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