ここでは、光電子増倍管のいくつかのアプリケーションを紹介します。
高速で流れる細胞や染色体の水溶液に光を照射し、細胞などから放射される蛍光と散乱光を解析し、細胞の性質や構造を解明する学問分野をフローサイトメトリと呼びます。この分野において、主に使用される代表的装置にフローサイトメータがあり、細胞学、免疫学、血液学などの研究用のほか血球分析装置などの検体検査(医療現場)にも一部採用されています。
血液の中には、その人が持つ疾患特有あるいは細菌特有の抗原(免疫反応を引き起こさせる物質)が含まれます。少量の血液(血漿・血清)に、その特有抗原に結合する抗体を試薬として反応させてかつその発光量を測定することにより、疾患や細菌の有無あるいはその程度を判定する血液検査方法があります。
試薬の結合効率や発光効率を上げる研究は行なわれていますが、逆に測定サンプル量をより少量で計測・判定したい要望もあります。それを達成するために、シングルフォトンカウンティングが可能な光電子増倍管が使われています。
衛生モニタは、ATPアナライザとも呼ばれ、細菌や細胞が持つATPを抽出し,そのATPに発光試薬を反応させるという蛍の発光原理を応用した測定装置です。調理場や食品工場など清浄度検査にこの衛生モニタが使われています。測定は検査したい場所の表面を綿棒で拭き取り、装置に入れるだけで汚れの度合いが即時に分かります。フォトンカウンティング法により非常に少量の試料量で高感度測定ができるという特長を持っています。
保安目的、税関検査、原子力発電所、病院など放射性物質の検出には、携帯型の計測装置が必要です。放射線計測には、光電子増倍管とシンチレータの組合せが最も感度が高く、ガイガー管(GM管)の数十から数百倍の感度を持ちます。小型で堅固、シンチレータとカップリングが容易であること、低消費電力が必要となります。
環境用硫黄酸化物分析計は大気中の二酸化硫黄濃度を測定するための装置で、最近では紫外線蛍光方式が多く使用されています。この方式は二酸化硫黄(SO₂) に紫外線を照射して励起状態のSO₂を生じさせ、このSO₂が発する蛍光の強度を測定することで大気中の二酸化硫黄濃度を求めることができます。大気や各種燃焼機関などの排出ガス中に含まれる大気汚染物質の窒素酸化物(NOx) の測定や、PM2.5 等の粒子濃度の測定にも光電子増倍管が使用されています。
半導体ウェーハの欠陥は、ウェーハにレーザ光を照射し、ウェーハ上にあるゴミ、汚れ、傷などを散乱光の検出によって検査します。
半導体技術の進歩により線幅が小さくなり、より小さな欠陥を見つける必要があります。
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