免疫検査は、抗原抗体反応を利用し、血液中に含まれるたんぱく質や腫瘍マーカーなどの抗原や、細菌やウイルスなどの異物に抵抗する抗体など、血液中の微量物質を検出するもので、癌や感染症などの各種疾患の検査、診断に利用されます。免疫検査はよく生化学検査とセットで紹介されます。生化学検査は、血液や尿に含まれるコレステロールや血糖値、尿酸などの量を分析することで、病気の診断や治療の経過観察を行うのに使われており、健康診断にて広く実施されています。それに対して、免疫検査は特殊検査と位置付けられており、特定の疾患の可能性のある患者様に対して、より精密な検査を行う際に利用されます。
免疫検査を行う際には、血液中の血小板などを凝固させ、分離することで得られる血清と呼ばれる液体が使用されます。
その血清へ試薬を滴下し、抗原抗体反応によって発生する化学発光物質の発光強度を計測することで、ターゲットとなる抗原もしくは抗体を定量測定します。
免疫検査には様々な手法がありますが、その中でも現在広く採用されている化学発光免疫測定法(CLIA法)では、検体に抗体、酵素、試薬を加えることにより発生する非常に微弱な発光を、シングルフォトンカウンティング法の測定に適した光電子増倍管 (PMT)で計測して、検査対象の物質を測定します。
大型の免疫検査装置では、前処理などの各検査工程を全自動化した装置があり、一度に多数の検体を検査することが可能です。多数の検体を精度良く検査する必要があることから、高精度な検出器が求められます。
抗原抗体反応による発光は非常に微弱であることから、微弱光検出が可能な検出器が求められます。
また、疾患の度合いを定量測定により求める必要があるため、検出可能な光量レンジが広いことも求められます。
化学発光免疫測定装置のイメージ
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